BELIEVE   ME   NOT!    - -     A   SKEPTIC's   GUIDE  

. . . outlet.^21.1

In Europe the standard is 50 Hz.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

. . . form^21.2

Here $\Re$ signifies "the real part of" a complex quantity like $e^{i \theta} = \cos \theta + i \sin \theta$. The imaginary part is written (e.g.) $\Im \; e^{i \theta} = \sin \theta$.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

. . . part.^21.3

Let me know if you invent an imaginary voltmeter!

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

. . . $\pi/2$.^21.4

There are many ways of remembering this phase relationship; I am not particularly fond of " ${\cal E}LI$ the $IC{\cal E}$ Man" because it refers only to the current and voltage in individual circuit elements and it has no explanatory aspect whatsoever. I prefer to think of it this way: when the current starts flowing there is immediately a voltage drop across the resistor, but it takes a while to charge up the capacitor, so it lags behind; the inductance, on the other hand, "fights" the establishment of a current in the first place, so it is ahead of the current. Use whatever works for you.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

. . . supply,^21.5

Please forgive my anthropomorphization of circuit elements; these metaphors help me remember their "behaviour".

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

. . . voltage^21.6

The imaginary voltage component doesn't generate any power.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

. . . current^21.7

Neither does the imaginary part of the current.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

. . . is^21.8

I have used ${\displaystyle {1 \over x + i y} = {x - i y \over x^2 + y^2} }$ to obtain the real part of $1/R_{\rm eff}$.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

. . . circuit.^21.9

Expressing the average power dissipation in this form allows one to think of an AC circuit "on average" as a sort of DC circuit with the power factor R/Z as a "fudge factor".

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.